The virus which was first found in China’s Wuhan city has left the world fighting the worst healthcare battle. Commonly known as a respiratory disorder disease, COVID-19 damages the lungs completely, leading to several life-threatening symptoms. However, this is not it, this virus is capable of damaging many other organs including the brain, heart, and kidneys too. And what is more, concerning at the moment is that this virus can also lead to long COVID and there are equal chances of reinfections as well. Yes, COVID reinfection is real and this is what is keeping the experts on their toes.
Since the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have heard and come across several cases associated with COVID reinfections. One of the first reinfections was reported from Hong Kong when a 33-year-old man was diagnosed with COVID for the second time post-recovery from the infection. His initial infection was diagnosed on March 26, 2020, with his second infection, with a genetically distinct virus, being diagnosed 142 days later.
Since then reports of reinfection have become common, especially since the emergence of the omicron variant, which is so far the most mutated version of the coronavirus. According to the reports of research, which is yet to be published, suggests that the risk of reinfection increased quickly and substantially after the variant arrived.
Why COVID Reinfection Is Increasing?
The risk of catching COVID doesn’t really depend on how many times you have caught the virus. But why is it so? The simple answer is that our immunity is often no longer sufficient to prevent an infection. This can be due to the appearance of a new viral variant like omicron that, because of mutations to its form, is less recognisable to the immune system, meaning the virus bypasses prior immunity. Or it can be because immunity has waned since we were last infected or vaccinated. We know that this is a particular issue with COVID immunity hence the need for vaccine boosters.
Plus, as discussed previously, the coronavirus almost always enters the human body via respiratory organs — mainly the nose and throat. Immunity in the mucosal linings of these areas tends to be relatively short-lived compared to systemic immunity throughout the body. This may explain why protection against severe illness, usually rooted in the lungs, lasts longer than protection against infection.
How Common Are Reinfections?
The UK has recently started publishing data on reinfections on its COVID dashboard. It classifies reinfection as someone receiving a new positive COVID test result more than 90 days after their last infection.
According to the latest data, till February 6 2022, there had been over 14.5 million primary infections and around 620,000 reinfections in England so one reinfection for every 24 primary infections. Over 50% of all reinfections have been reported since December 1, 2021, suggesting again that the risk of reinfection has increased substantially with omicron.
The UK’s Office for National Statistics (ONS) also measures reinfections, although does so differently:
- For someone to count as being reinfected, there need to be 120 days or four consecutive negative RT-PCR tests.
- These reports should be done between the positive tests confirming their two cases.
- They also suggest that the rate of reinfection has increased 15-fold since the arrival of omicron, and
- That currently, reinfections account for about 10% of all infections reported in England, compared to just 1% during November 2021.
According to the experts, it appears around half of the primary infections are never diagnosed. Many reinfections are therefore likely to be incorrectly categorized as primary ones. Also, if reinfections are generally milder, a higher proportion is likely to be undiagnosed.
COVID Reinfections Are Milder: Myth OR Fact?
Primary infections in vaccinated people (who have some COVID immunity) are generally less severe than primary infections in unvaccinated people (who don’t have any immunity) this is why hospitalisation rates are lower among the vaccinated.
It’s reasonable therefore to assume that, in general, reinfections should be less severe than primary infections, as the person being reinfected will have some pre-existing immunity from their primary infection. Plus, many people will have been vaccinated between their infections, which will have further raised their levels of immunity.
And even though immunity against being infected by the coronavirus and developing COVID symptoms wanes, protection against severe disease and death appears much more durable. So at the extreme end of things, reinfections definitely seem to be less severe.
However, whether your second infection ends up not feeling as bad as your first may depend on when you get infected. The recent data shows the proportion of people reporting symptoms with their reinfection varies depending on what variant they were likely infected with the second time around. Currently, there are three variants of COVID which are causing a surge in cases — Omicron, BA.2, and the Delta variant. However, there are many more variants present in the world which can also lead to a devastating scene in the coming days.
The UK scientists have estimated that reinfections with alpha gave people symptoms only 20% of the time, whereas delta reinfections caused symptoms in 44% of cases and omicron in 46%. Its data also shows that people reinfected with alpha were much less likely to get symptoms the second time compared to their primary infection. Whereas delta reinfections were somewhat more likely to give people symptoms compared to their primary infection. With omicron reinfection, the rate of symptoms was about the same across the reinfection and primary infection.
COVID Severity — What You Should Know
We know that the severity of COVID varies from one variant to another. However, it’s difficult to distinguish how much of the difference above is down to the different strengths of the variants, and how much is due to levels of COVID immunity from prior infection and vaccination present in people at the time.
However, one question that still remains unanswered is whether an omicron infection in an unvaccinated person is less severe if that person has already been infected. According to the experts, the illness of the person experiencing the virus for the first time is no doubt more severe than the illness of those reinfected but the very small number of cases precludes any firm conclusions.
On the other hand, there have been opposing reports in the past of more severe diseases being caused by reinfection. So while it’s plausible that reinfections should be milder, at the moment, the experts are still lacking robust evidence that proves this.
Do Reinfections Strengthen Immunity?
Almost certainly yes. A single, prior infection gives similar protection against infection with omicron as two doses of vaccine, so it’s reasonable to assume that reinfections will also boost immunity. But such immunity still won’t be 100% protective. There’s emerging evidence (in preprint) of people being reinfected multiple times. This, though, shouldn’t be surprising, as we know the other human coronaviruses cause reinfections every few years.
Source: https://www.thehealthsite.com/news/coronavirus-reinfections-what-happens-when-you-catch-covid-again-after-recovery-863723/