Wall-to-wall Europe: the continent’s manmade barriers – in pictures

Roma Wall, Michalovce, Slovakia, 2010

A group of Roma walk towards a concrete wall in Michalovce, eastern Slovakia. About 50 families on a housing estate have financed its erection to separate the local Roma camp from their residential area

The Fence of Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, 2016

A British customs officer checks the hole made by tobacco smugglers in the border fence that separates the UK from Spain

The Salpa Line, Finland, 2017

Close to Virolahti, the Salpa Line is a fortified defence line built in 1940-41 to protect Finland from the entry of armoured tanks from Russia. It is 225km long and made of 350,000 stones

Crossing Borders, Greece, 2015

Refugees waiting in a queue for registration in the Moria camp on the island of Lesbos

The Wall, Nicosia, Cyprus, 2015

Cyprus has been divided by the UN buffer zone, the 180km-long Green Line, since 1974. The houses and shops inside the zone became half ruins. After a nearly 30-year ban on crossings, the travel restrictions across the dividing line significantly eased in 2003

Boundary between Ukraine and Russia, near Zhuravlevka, 2017

In 2014, after the beginning of the conflict with the Russian-backed separatists, Ukraine announced that it would build a wall on the border

From the Peacelines I series, North Belfast, 1994

Closed Borders, Hungary, 2015

Razor wire on a train wagon, to be used as border closure between Hungary and Croatia, at the railway station in Zákány, Hungary

The Wall We Call a Fence, Romania, 2012-19

A still from a multimedia piece showing the three Gypsy ghettos of Baia Mare, Romania, one of which was walled off by the local municipality in 2011